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HISTORIA Y ESTUDIOS ESCRITURALES

C Á P S U L A S    125

Por: J. N. Robles Olarte

Dan In America By Walter Baucum

(IX)

DAN, ESAU, and “REDSKINS”

What further evidence might there be that Dan came to America? Gloria Stewart theorized that the Dene tribes (the name used for themselves by the Apache and other Athabaskans, i.e., Navajo) are derived from the Han tribe in China, thereby fitting in with traditional scholarship explaining the origin of many of the cultures in the western portion of America. 1
Research has shown a Celtic element in Dene, presumably via the Italio-Celtic of the Tokharian B dialect of the northern Tarim Oases and the Sino-Tibetan border of Kan-su, or else via more recent incursions of Celtic culture across the Atlantic. 2

Apache (Dene (Dine)–from “Dan”–meaning “people”)(also includes Navajo) comes from “apachu” (Ponchteca–Mayan name for “trading people”), which is a Zuni word for “enemy.” Apaches also called themselves T’inde or Inde (a.k.a. Dene). They were late comers to America from Asia, from the time of Ghengis Khan’s Mongol escapades (1233-1300) up to the 1400′s and even later. They were excellent horsemen. The same area of China where the red-headed and white people are buried is a high plateau and mountainous area containing a people (today) who are the best horsemen in Asia and who spend much of their lives on horses. Is there a possibility these Apache and Navajo (Dene) peoples were influenced so much by Danites (who drifted eastward from their captivity in Assyria before turning and heading west) that they called themselves after that name? Israel, remember, from the time of Solomon, were horsemen and cavalry fighters. (See also next-to-last paragraph under “Dan in England and Europe.”)

Note the Alibamu Indians’ similarity to the Hebrew word, “Oholibamah,” meaning “tent-dweller.” “Mandan” is a Siouan word. Mandans called themselves “Numakik,” meaning “people.” There is some evidence that the Sioux people themselves were Danites from Ireland and Scandinavia. Many similarities exist, including their tall statures and their same sweat lodges. The Kensington Rune Stone is not a fake, contrary to what some archaeologists believe. 3

The Arikara were Tanish (“original people”). Dan (“people”) and ish (the Semitic morpheme for “human being”). Rok (“crow,” “sparrowhawk,” or “bird people”); “Absaroke” is the Crow Indian name for themselves. “Rok” is a morpheme and is also the snake totem (same as Tribe of Dan). Note also “Tanith”: Patron saint of Carthaginian sailors. (Note Dan (Tan) and Esau/Phoenicia)

Hopi(u) — “Hopitu” (“peaceful ones”); note similarity to “Habiru” — “Hebrew,” i.e., “moqui.” Ojibwa (“Anishinabe”) (means “first people”). Note “ish” –Semitic for human being. Note that the Chippewa (Ojibwas) and Chippenham are probably variations of the same morpheme seen in “Kjobnhann” (Copenhagen), which is pronounced almost identically to “Chippenham” by the Danes.

Early reports from North America include reference to Samoset, the Wampanoag chief who walked out of the woods to greet the Pilgrims in almost perfect English. There are many references to Gaelic (Welsh) and Hebrew speakers who claimed to be able to communicate with the North American natives in their mother tongue.

The Salishan (Flathead) tribes of the Northwest called themselves “Se-lic,” a name reminiscent of the Salic Franks of the time before Charlemagne, a time known as the “Migration of the Peoples.” 4

What is even more interesting is that a sub-tribe of these Flatheads called themselves “Tuadhu” (pronounced “Twathu”). This is the exact same name as the general proper name for Franks and other Teutonic tribes, all meaning, “The People.” Note also “Tuatha de Danaan.”

Ida Jane Gallagher, in some interesting research, found that whites in Connecticut wanted Indian land for themselves and on April 24, 1729, negotiated with Chief Squantz of the Schaghticoke, a tribe of Algonquin lineage, for it. The deed was recorded on May 9, 1729, and is deposited in the archives of the State Capitol in Hartford, Connecticut, today. The signatures (“marcks”) of the thirteen chiefs appeared to be a syllabary or alphabet. Dr. Barry Fell has linked them to Basque and Ogam, the Indian deed signatures being the first or first and second syllables of the chiefs’ names. Fell earlier had deciphered the Cypro-Minoan signatures of Abenaki chiefs on a 1729 treaty with the British in Nova Scotia, Algonkian signatures on the Nipomuck Indian deed to Sutton, Massachusetts, (1681), and others. Dr. Fell says that the Cree/Objibwa syllabary used today has many matches with ancient Basque inscriptions. Epigraphers and linguists are learning that Amerindians had writing systems long before Colonial times.< 5 All these (above) have been possibilities of Dan and/or other Israelite tribes mixed in with (or having direct influence on) Amerindians. Briefly, can we find possible Esau-ites (Phoenicians) in America in Indian tribal names?

Chitimacha ("man altogether red") inhabited the Louisiana gulf Coast since 600 B.C.E.
Fox ("Sauk-Fox") ("Meskwakihug" or "Meskwakie" — "Red earth people") (These are Muskogean.)
Catawba (also Muskogean) called themselves "Issa" or "Esaw" ("people"). Note ish. Muskogean is of the Sioux linguistic stock.

Barry Fell said the alphabets in ancient America include Arabic, Berber, Carthaginian, Celtic, Cree, Cypriot, Greek, Hebrew, Hiragana, Iberian, Kufi, Latin, Libyan, Minoan, Nashki, Norse, Punic, Tifinag. Tifinag, remember, is an alphabet, not a language. Any language can be made using Tifinag. "Pima" is Arabic or Semitic derived from Iberian Punic. "Zuni" is North African (Libyan). 6
Fell thinks of the Pima Indians as descendants of some Celtiberian tribe that had been converted to the use of the Punic language by Phoenician colonists in Spain, and whose more adventurous members migrated to the Lands Beyond the Sunset under Phoenician leadership. 7

His first attention was to a white leather sun-disk in the Pueblo materials in the Peabody Museum of Archaeology at Harvard University, which had been obtained from New Mexico after a religious ceremony of the Shiwi (Zuni) in 1891. On it was painted the Libyan letters T-M, a formula adopted in Egypt as the phonetic rendering of "Atum," the primeval sun god of North Africa. The Libyan language, as Fell has shown elsewhere, is basically Egyptian combined with Anatolian (Turkish) roots introduced by the Sea Peoples who invaded Libya, while the written form of the language is like that of the Phoenicians, alphabetic but using only consonants. The Zuni tongue is largely derived from North African dialects, the linkage being very marked with Coptic, Middle Egyptian, and Nubian of the Nile Valley. While there is evidence of much loan vocabulary, too, from adjacent tribes (from the Algonquian dialects to the north and the Mexican tongues to the south), the main vocabulary is North African.

Dr. Fell's conclusion is that the Zuni language should be reclassified as an American branch of the North African group, which otherwise comprised the belt of so-called Afro-Asian tongues of mixed Semitic-Hamitic origin, stretching from the Moroccan Berber area near Gibraltar across the southern coast lands of the Mediterranean to Somalia in the east, and including in former times the ancient Libyan, ancient Egyptian, Coptic, and Ethiopian (Amharic) languages. He further thinks it probable that the ancestors of the Shivi people of Auni are the same visitors from Libya who cut the ancient inscriptions. 8

Barry Fell saw that the Pima traditional religious chants were treated not as esoteric secret religious jargon of the Makai priest-magicians, but as corrupt creolinized Arabic derived apparently from North African Berber sources, somehow being superiposed upon the native tongue in much the same way as religious vocabulary of Latin or French origin was superimposed upon Anglo-Saxon after the Norman Conquest of England. His friend ShupShe, a learned Indian scholar of high rank in the Mide Grand Medicine Lodge of the Miami-Potawatomi of Indiana, suggested that both the story-content and the actual vocabulary of these North African tales may have reached the Pima from visiting Arab-Berber traders in pre-Columbian times or even later. Koranic influence is apparent in the story of the Flood of Noah. Greek influence appears in the myth of Persephone and the Fables of Aesop. Many of the petroglyphs in the deserts of Nevada, California, and Idaho (Wees Bar) are similar to those of North Africa, including the name Mohamed and Koranic religious expressions. Professor Albert Casey and colleagues observed North African features in the cranial osteology of the Indians of the Southwest.

"Balboa and other early explorers referred to scattered groups of white Indians, black Indians, and traditions of pygmies…." 9

In the world cultures class that I teach, I discuss at length something of much interest to me: the three "white, North African" tribes in the American Southwest that the Hopi, Zuni, Papago, Pueblo, etc. called "the ancient ones," and whom we call Anasazi, Hohokam, and Mogollon. The big question, besides who were they originally, is where did they disappear to between 1250-1300? Also, were Zuni part of them or just inherit by diffusion and trade their same culture and language? Or should we add Zuni as a fourth tribe of "the ancient ones" who came from North Africa with them, and who now are the only ones who remained behind when the others left?

Of equal interest to me are the gene frequency distributions of the "Amerindians." Early explorers commented on the apparent racial diversity of indigenous Americans and speculated on their origins. Padre Francisco Garces, in 1775, reported that in the Zuni Pueblo, there were two races of men speaking two different languages. One group, said to be the ancient inhabitants of the land, was black, while the other group was red. Today, it seems reasonable to assume that the ancient black inhabitants seen by Garces were Indonesians of partial south Indian ancestry, and that the lighter-skinned people were the Zuni, of partial North African descent (Phoenicians). 10

Barry Fell's work on the Libyan aspect of the Zuni language is supportive of this, as is Casey's craniometric data relating the Old Zuni to Mediterranean sea-farers and their Ticuso Cromagnon antecedents. 11

The conventional belief, that almost all indigenous Americans came from Siberia, falls a notch or two when we find strikingly different gene distributions in North, Central, and South America and the disparity in gene profiles between Asians and Americans in the region of the Bering Straight. Guthrie says the first Americans probably lacked the A and B genes. In North America, the high levels of A could have come from Europe or North Africa. The Diego gene, said to be the main Mongoloid marker, is at much higher levels in South America than anywhere else in the world, and it could very well be called the South American gene. The old idea that a small homogeneous population of Siberian-Americans, evolving variously in response to environmental pressures, gave rise to the diverse modern Amerindian peoples, seems shaky at best..

"The peculiar Auni Cde/cDE ratio of 3.2 is suggestive of a connection with the Mediterranean." (Guthrie quotes this from Mourant, in reference 19, p. 72, with regard to a Cde/cDE ratio of 5 among the Basques.) 12 The low level of A gene would seem to argue against a close connection with North Africa, but the Berbers of the Atlas Mountains have only 6% A. It will be recalled that Fell believes the ancient Libyan language incorporated in the Zuni language has been preserved to a large degree by Berber isolates. 13

Barry Fell gives much more information on these people, including the Mimbres pottery and "magic" symbols used in their priesthood being written Libyan words for those objects. The matching pairs of words from New Mexico and from North Africa, though, are a final clincher. They are so numerous, and the phonetic relationships so evident, that it is possible to set out the rules of phonetic mutation that govern the derivation of the Zuni language from its Libyan parent language.

The Anasazi "kivas" (underground chambers) were the same as those of the Mountain Berbers in North Africa. Herodotus called these Berbers Troglodytes (people who live in holes in the ground). The pueblos of the Southwest perfectly match those of the Berbers in the Atlas Mountains. The Zuni word "adobe" comes from the Arabic "ah-topi," having the same meaning.

Dr. Fell goes on to say that the Polynesian people, like the Libyans themselves, are descended from the Anatolian Sea Peoples who invaded the Mediterranean around 1400 B.C.E. and, after their defeat, settled Libya. Later the Libyan seamen were employed by the Pharaohs in the Egyptian fleet, and still later the Libyan chiefs seized control of Egypt to establish the Libyan dynasties, mentioned earlier in "Dan in North Africa."

We have seen (to the point of being tiresome) the connection of Dan with Greece, Anatolia and the Sea People, and Phoenicia. Wherever these Greeks (especially North African Greeks) and Phoenicians went, there did Dan go also. Fell and others make connections of these seafaring peoples with Polynesia, Peru, Central America, Southwest, Northeast, and Central United States, and Canada. Zuni loan words are derived from Spanish and English in modern times, but a much older loan vocabulary includes words like "zi" (hair) and "ahha" (take) from the Otomi language of Mexico; words like "pu'a" (break) and "tachchu" (father) from the Aztec language; words like "pilha" (bow) and "ma" (well) from Huasteca of Mexico; "pizulliya" (circle) and "lashokti" (ear) from Mayan.

Their basic language, though, is North African, comprising a large Libyo-Egyptian element similar to Coptic, to which have been added Ptolemaic roots brought to the Egyptian and Libyan lands by Greek settlers in the wake of the Spartan (Danite) colonization of Libya in the eighth century B.C.E., and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great and his successors, the Ptolemies, during the last four centuries B.C.E. There are also roots of Nilotic origin, probably introduced to the Egyptian and Libyan speech by Nubian slaves. 14

To digress briefly, on page 100 of Saga America are pictographs of Spartan Greeks from Libya found in Tennessee and Utah, near Vernal. The Spartans of Libya retained the warlike habits of their ancestors in Greece, and thus maintained their independence for nearly a thousand years. The same helmets and spears and round shields appear on American inscriptions and in Cyrenian tombs, the latter dating from about 550 B.C.E. Also, a bronze circular shield engraved with fighting gladiators has been dredged from Boston Harbor.

MORE EVIDENCE

Dr. James L. Guthrie wrote in his "Comparison of Gene Frequency Distributions" about the Melungeons, one of about 200 "isolate" populations of the Eastern U.S. who seem to be a union of Europeans, Amerindians, and Blacks. The Melungians of Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, including the Lumbee Indians, are unique. His studies conclude that the Black portion turns out to be Portuguese; also, none of them are Indians. Rollin Gillespie (a member of the Epigraphic Society) postulates that these Melungeons descended from Milesians, the founders of Milan, who fled their Anatolian homeland in 494 B.C.E. Most went to Ireland and Iceland by way of Cadiz. Gillespie relates Caesar's difficulty in driving the Melungeons from their island stronghold in 52 B.C.E., and suggests that some escaped to America. A portion of the story tells that they were the friendly White Indians who absorbed the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke in 1587, an idea supported by the appearance among the Melungeons of family names that were present in the Roanoke colony. 15
Henriette Mertz, in Atlantis, Dwelling Place of the Gods, presents the case for immigration by Christian Portuguese to Florida in 734 to escape the Moors. Anthropologists studied a sample, 177 people from Hancock County, Tennessee, and Lee County, Virginia, and the results showed the Melungeons to be Caucasian: more like Portuguese than English, with negligible input from Blacks or Indians. Briefly, all the data shows no distinguishing differences between Melungeons and certain people of Libya, the Canary Islands, Malta, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. This distribution generates a map, almost, of the Phoenician, or Sea-People settlements. Nearly as close were certain populations of Ireland, Sweden, France, Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands. Again, where we find Phoenicians being traced anywhere, Dan was among them. 16

To conclude this, to this day the Portuguese laugh at the traditional story of Columbus. They themselves had mapped Newfoundland and Nova Scotia by 1424 and their knowledge seems to have been based on centuries of transatlantic navigation. Note, too, that some of the Mediterranean people (Phoenicians and Danites) were called Phoinikes, meaning "redskins."

To return briefly to Dan and Phoenicia in America, there was the legend of St. Brendan, who, with a party of 17 monks, made a voyage to America in a leather ship 400 years before the Vikings and 1,000 years before Columbus (all documented in Latin texts dating back at least to 800 C.E.). The round-trip voyage took seven years. He reported things like pillars of crystal floating in the sea (icebergs). The boat was made of 49 ox hides stitched over a wooden frame like a patchwork quilt. Tim Severin tells about finding in Ari, the Learned's Book of the Icelanders, dated 1133, a report that Vikings found "books, bells, and croziers" left by Irish priests on Iceland. In Greenland, the first Norse reported finding stone huts and fragments of skin boats. These were not Eskimo boats, different completely from their kayaks. 17

Another voyage by an Irishman (Danite) across the Atlantic was that of Cuchulainn. The two best known figures of South America are Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan, both reputed to be white men who arrived from and departed to the east. According to Mayan records, Kukulcan arrived in 987 A.D. The Mayan hieroglyphic dates have been verified by radiocarbon dating. I will skip the original and lengthy story, but the conclusion is that an Irish oral history has an Irishman named Cuchulainn traveling westward to a new land and returning…and also accounts written in South America told that a "white man" named Kukulcan arrived from the east, stayed awhile, then returned to his home. My interest in this is, of course, that we have just another record (of many) of Dan sailing all over the world and especially of his coming to the Americas. 18

"…and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed."
Jean Hunt tells how she read Lewis Spence's Atlantis in America and of her finding in it an explanation of who the Cabiri were. Spence apparently quoted Sanconiathon as saying that the cult of the Cabiri was of Carthaginian origin and of its being associated with Osiris. The cult of the Cabiri appears to have been brought from North Africa to Egypt and Greece. What is interesting about these Cabiri is that they are said to have been the inventors of boats, of the arts of hunting and fishing, and of building and husbandry. They also invented the art of writing and the use of salt and of medicines. 19
My belief is that the blessings given Esau and Jacob (i.e., Phoenicia and Israel-Dan) were such that wherever they went in the world, they took with them such knowledge as to bring all whom they influenced up a notch or two above what they themselves had achieved. Be reminded, too, of the particular blessing of old Israel onto the two sons of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh.

Although not germane to our topic, I would like to add the following from Jean Hunt as she quoted Ignatius Donnelly in his Atlantis: The Antediluvian World. Among the ancient nations, there was a general belief that the art of writing was known to the antediluvians. The Druids, for example, believed in books more ancient than the Flood. They styled them "the books of Pheryllt," and "the writings of Pridian or Hu." Berosus, speaking of the time before the Deluge, says: "Oannes (Noah) wrote concerning the generations of mankind and their civil polity." The Hebrew commentators on Genesis say, "Our rabbins assert that Adam, our father of blessed memory, composed a book of precepts, which were delivered to him by God (ETERNAL) in Paradise." 20

{Books/writings mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures include Gen. 5:1 (the Book of the generations of Adam), Ex. 17:14 (Amalek), Ex. 24:7; 2 Kgs. 23:2 (Covenant), Deut. 31:24 (Law of Eternal), Mal. 3:16 (Book of Remembrance), Psa. 69:28 (Book of Life), Josh. 10:13; 2 Sam. 1:28 (Book of Jasher), 2 Chron. 24:27, and others. See also Job 19:23, the Book of Job probably being the oldest book in the Hebrew Scriptures.}

Continuing with Jean Hunt, the Hebrews preserved a tradition that the Ad-ami, the people of Ad, or Adlantis, possessed, while yet dwelling in Paradise, the art of writing. (Note that Jean Hunt (now deceased) was attempting to prove that the "little people" found in most of the coastal regions of the world were survivors of the flood of Atlantis. My personal belief is, after reading her book, and since most if not all these people were (1) found mostly on coastal areas of earth, and (2) most if not all were "red" people, that these peoples were Esau-ites, which would fit quite well with the blessings given Esau by his blind father Isaac.) Further, it has been suggested that without the use of letters, it would have been impossible to preserve the many details as to dates, ages, and measurements (as of the ark) handed down to us in Genesis. Strabo says, "The inhabitants of Spain possessed records written before the Deluge." 21

This would make sense, considering that unless Eternal told him directly, Moses must have had some written records to refer to when writing the first five books. Further conjecture would make creditable our belief that Eternal Himself taught Adam and Eve in the Garden how to do many things, writing perhaps being one of them. Shem could have brought books across the Flood with him and given them to Abraham, who passed them on down his own line. Shem, I have believed for years, was the Melchizedek of Genesis (See also article by Charles Voss, United Hebrew Congregations).

Where, then, are these books today? Probably not in existence now, although some might have crossed over the Flood only to disappear later, but not before parts of them had been copied or memorized then written later. Several Christian writers allude to the existence of a Druidic literature in ancient Ireland. We are told that St. Patrick, in his Roman Catholic religious zeal, burnt 180 books belonging to the Irish Druids. Also, did not the fanatical Islamic people destroy the great Library of Alexandria? Didn't the fanatical Spanish Roman Catholic clergy incinerate all the native manuscripts of Mexico? 22 Also, weren't thousands of books in the Middle Ages destroyed with their constant book burnings?

Classical historians wrote that the Druids knew and used Ogam. Lay persons illegally learning and using Ogam were given the "geasa," the Druid death curse. With both Caesar's, and later the Christians' persecutions, Druidism disappeared from public view. A 14th century Irish monk prevented its total loss when he copied some 70 versions of it from older manuscripts into the "Ogam Tract" of the Book of Ballymote, now in the Irish Museum in Dublin, Ireland. Robert Graves and Barry Fell both discovered and reported it (both independently) in modern books, The White Goddess by Graves and America B.C. by Fell. 23

It is these (alphabets and written languages) that Fell and others have found engraved in rocks all over the North and South American continents, Europe, North Africa, and other places. That Europeans, Asians, and Africans had no contact with this land before Columbus is a fantasy, still held, unfortunately, by some diehard professionals who stick to their own pet theories and refuse to look at, or seriously consider, the facts.

WHAT TO MAKE OF IT ALL

I do not want to be responsible for claiming something that isn't true, or misleading others in any way. I have read the books by Yair Davidy, Barry Fell, Raymond Capt, Jean Hunt, and others, but they, not I, did the original research on the information contained in them. Most of the conclusions drawn, however, are my own, although many are shared with them. My conclusions are based only on my understanding of these well-researched books and my own education, reading, and experiences. Although I was a member of The Epigraphic Society for a number of years and even corresponded with Barry Fell before his death, I did not personally contribute anything to its "Occasional Publications." Also, I make no claims as to the accuracy of these books to anyone other than myself. I believe most of what they say and accept their research as valid. The reader will have to accept or reject the information contained herein.
Regarding Barry Fell's non-controversial tendencies, what he often called Arabs (to avoid religious arguments by calling them Israelites), I believe to be (and am calling them) Israelites and, specifically, Dan. Ninety-five per cent of the world's research is in English; the language of computers is English. Orwell thought that man would be enslaved by cynical semantic manipulation and narrowing of the language, but language really seems to be the great liberator.

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book I, VII:2, claimed of Abraham that "He communicated to them (Egyptians) arithmetic, and delivered to them the science of astronomy…for that science came from the Chaldeans into Egypt…." It seems that ETERNAL has ever worked with one particular group of people, Abraham's line of people and, through him and his offspring, has caused the entire world to be blessed. We need to understand that we people of America, Britain, Europe, and Scandinavia are these same people.

The "Lost Tribes" are definitely not lost. I have used the Tribe of Dan as a microcosm to represent all of Israel because Dan was the "pioneer" of Israel. Where Dan went, Israel always followed. The peculiar symbiosis of Dan with his Uncle Esau has intriqued me for years. When some of Dan left Egypt before their brothers were enslaved, I can see these lonesome, lost, and fearful people seeking their own kin in and around Mt. Seir, which is where Esau still remained at that time in history. From that moment on, a relationship began that never ended.

Again, Numbers 26 might nullify this argument completely, with "Phoenicia" being Issachar, Dan, and parts of Asher and Zebulon. Some of Esau migrated to the interior of Asia, Mongolia itself being one of its tribes. Could others of Esau have gone immediately to ships and become the Phoenicia-Carthaginian nautical power while some traveled to the East, returning later to become present-day Turkey?

This work could just as easily have been entitled "Tracing Israel." Where Dan went, Israel also went. Dan went first, though, especially to America, and probably also to Greece, North Africa, Scandinavia, and Ireland. In some cases they went alone, while in other cases they went united. Today, Israel can be found in the Democracies of West Europe, Scandinavia, the British Isles, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Canada, and the United States.

One of these Israelite tribes, the Tribe of Dan, is very much alive and well and is, perhaps even more so than any other Israelite tribe, strewn about the entire earth. We find them in Ireland, Wales, Scandinavia, and mixed in Europe with all the other Celtic people. The Irish, Welsh, British are a large part of America. Yes, even a large part of the British might be Dan. In The Tribes, we find that those we call "Saxons" were most likely Danites, or Dan mixed with Judah. Those we call "Angles" were most likely Judah, or Judah mixed with Dan. 24

Dan, even from early times, rebelled a little but accomplished much. Dan had vision that some of the other Tribes lacked. He had imagination. What can be imagined can be achieved.

Remnants of Dan are among some of the Amerindian tribes, Polynesia, and perhaps even in some jungle recesses of Peru. Alphabetical writing, art, sculpture, architectural innovations, ivory working, nautical power, even horsemanship, all owe more than a little to Dan and his kinsman, Esau. Like all the rest of us Israelites, Dan will have to be awakened from a long sleep and told who he really is. But when he does come to his senses, I believe that ETERNAL will find Dan to be a loyal, stalwart, optimistic, and dedicated child.

Continued in Bibliography

[Tracing Dan - Bibliography ] [Tracing Dan - Introduction Index Page ]

[The Hope of Israel Main Page ]

Footnotes

"The Han Tribes of the Dene," ESOP, Vol. 17, p. 12. (This portion is from ESOP, Vol. 19, 1990, article "North American Indian Tribal Names," by E. Morgan Kelley, Ph.D., The College of William and Mary, Virginia, pp. 83-91).
2. "Celts and the Dene," ESOP, Vol. 17, p. 12.
3. Nielson, Richard, "The Arabic Numbering System on the Kensington Rune Stone," ESOP, 1986, pp. 47-61 and "The Kensington Runestone: Part 2, Aberrant Letters New Evidence from Greenland, Iceland and Scandinavia," ESOP, 1987, pp. 51-78.
4. Kinder/Hilgemann, Atlas of World History, pp. 114-125.
5. Gallagher, Ida Jane, "Schaghticoke Deed to New Fairfield, Connecticut," p. 101.
6. Fell, Saga, p. 266. See also ABC, p. 169.
7. Fell, ABC, p. 173.
8. Ibid., p. 175.
9. Totten, Op.cit., p. 84.
10. Guthrie, James L., "Gene Frequency Distributions in Epigraphic Research: Possible Indic Influence on the Tewa of New Mexico," ESOP, 1986, pp. 69-76.
11. Casey, Albert E. And Downey-Prince, Eleanor L., ESOP, 1979, pp. 138-156.
12. Mourant, A.E.; Kopec, Ada C.; and Domaniewska-Sobczak, The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and Other Polymorphisms, London, 1976..
13. Guthrie, Op.cit., p. 75.
14. Fell, ABC, p. 178.
15. Hunt, Tracking, pp. 94-95, from Dr. James L. Guthrie's "Comparison of Gene Frequency," written at Jean Hunt's request in Louisiana Mounds Society newsletter, (No. 36, Dec. 11, 1990).
16. Ibid.
17. Hunt, Op.cit., p. 98.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 245.
20. Ibid., Jean Hunt quoting Donnelly, Ignatius, Atlantis: The Antedeluvian World, New Jersey, 1949.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., Jean Hunt quoting Spencer, Lewis, The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain, London, 1945.
23. Ibid.
24. Davidy, Yair, The Tribes, p. 215.

MANDATOS QUE PROTEGEN A LOS DÉBILES.

No pervertirás  el derecho de tu hermano menesteroso en su pleito… No oprimirás al  extranjero, porque vosotros conocéis el alma  del extranjero, pues vosotros también fuisteis extranjeros en la tierra de Egipto. (Éxodo 23:6,  9 )

 En la Torá hay muchos mandamientos que protegen a los débiles que hay en la  sociedad. Aquí tenemos dos versículos que destacan la importancia de cuidarse  de no hacer ningún tipo de daño a una persona pobre o extranjera. La razón  que el Eterno destaca para no oprimir al extranjero es que el pueblo conoce  los sentimientos del extranjero. El impacto emocional de ser extranjeros en  Egipto debería durar más de una generación, puesto que es una de las bases para este mandamiento. A partir de la generación de Josué  los niños que  nacieron ya no habían experimentado la esclavitud ni conocían el sentimiento  de un extranjero. Sin embargo la Torá habla como si ese sentimiento estuviera  en el pueblo para siempre.

Esto nos enseña que aunque muchos de nosotros no hemos experimentado personalmente lo que los  extranjeros experimentan, debemos recordar a aquéllas generaciones que pasaron por  esa experiencia en Egipto, y debemos esforzarnos para intentar de ponernos en  el lugar de aquél para sentir lo que él siente.

Es muy fácil para el que sabe, humillar a un extranjero. Cualquier actitud de  desprecio, cualquier palabra degradante, cualquier mirada despreciable  aumenta el sufrimiento y la frustración  del extranjero.

 Nuestro Padre conoce esos sentimientos y él quiere que su pueblo nunca jamás se  olvide de lo que significa ser extranjero para no aumentar el dolor que ya  existe en los extranjeros por no saber hablar bien, por no conocer la cultura  bien, por no saber dónde se consiguen las cosas, por no entender los chistes,  por no pensar como los demás y por un montón de cosas más.

 Cuidemos a los débiles y esforcémonos para hacerles la vida menos difícil.  Quita de tu boca todo chiste sobre los minusválidos, los extranjeros, los de  otra raza, los ignorantes, los del país vecino y todos los demás que no son  como tú. Esas actitudes de desprecio y de reírse de los demás no es agradable  delante del Eterno. La Torá nos enseña edl camino para purificarnos de todo esto.

Que el Eterno nos ayude a siempre expresar nuestro amor de manera práctica;  también a los que no son como nosotros.

A todo lo largo de las Sagradas Escrituras Hebreas, especialmente en los libro de Isaías y Jeremias se habla de un “siervo” a quien nuestro Padre “sustenta” porque es “Su escogido en quien se complace” y porque a través de ese “siervo” hará justicia en todas las naciones del mundo, como bien nos lo atestigua Isaías 42, verso 1.

Será uno que no levantará la voz en las calles,  que no desfallecerá en su propósito que le he de entregar el Creador, uno que no se desalentará hasta que establezca la justicia en ésta tierra que tanto la necesita. Nuestro Padre lo ha llamado en justicia, y tendrás asida su mano para guiarle por el Camino perfecto que Él ha diseñado desde la misma creación . Aunque nuestro Creador no cede Su gloria a nadie ni otorga alabanzas a ídolo alguno, ha delegado esa labor a “Su siervo” que no es otro sino el Rey David traído, de su lugar actual donde se encuentra, la tierra, a la vida; a la vida eterna.

Por mucho tiempo nuestro Creador ha estado en silencio, dejando que el hombre haga lo que le plazca, que ejerza el libre el albedrío que Él les prodigó, cuando los creó.  Pero como en la existen- -cia física y natural nuestra, todo tiene un principio y, luego un final. La paciencia de nuestro Creador ha llegado a su tope y es así como Él  tornará en ruinas las montañas y collados, agostará todas las plantas, los ríos los tornará en tierra firme y secará las lagunas  Ha permitido que anden por caminos que no conocen, guiándolos por las tinieblas.  Él mismo, el Creador, habrá de guiar, con Su voz,  a los ciegos espirituales de Su pueblo por el sendero del conocimiento y de la verdad; no sin antes haber sido abochornados en extremo por causa de su confianza en los ídolos, y la adoración de los tales.  Él sabe perfectamente que Su pueblo ha sido robado, y saqueado, que están preocupados dentro de un hoyo, que han sido presa de las naciones sin que nadie los libre de sus  pruebas y pesares.  Ha sido el mismo Creador quien los entregó  que fuesen saqueados y perseguidos a todo lo largo de la historia humana, para ver si ponían atención a Su palabra; pero no ha sido así. Han seguido en propio engaño! Pero, en razón de la misericordia que Él es y representa, llegará el día cuando Él mismo los habrá de llamar desde todos los cuatro puntos cardinales de la tierra par que se vuelvan a Él, a Sus caminos de paz, alegría y felicidad! Por eso Sus palabras maravillosas de amor inmenso, “No temas¸ porque Yo te REDIMIRE, porque te he llamado por tu nombre, porque tú eres Mío” (Isaías 43:1).

¿ACASO ES RACISTA EL ETERNO CREADOR?

         

El Eterno ordenó a los hijos de Israel desalojar y exterminar las siete naciones que ocupaban la tierra prometida. No lo hizo de una sola vez, sino en diferentes oportunidades, y de muchas maneras. Un hijo de Canaán no debería habitar en la tierra de Israel. ¿Por qué? ¿Acaso es racista el Eterno?

          La Torá nos da la respuesta a estas preguntas. En este texto, y en muchos otros, el Eterno Creador. el Altísimo de Israel, revela que ello fue así por la maldad de estas naciones, porque no tenían el derecho de existir. El Eterno Creador, como tal,  tiene todo el derecho de gobernar sobre Su mundo, Su creación, y si un pueblo no cumple con Sus Leyes  básicas dadas por Él para todos los hombres, Él toma medidas disciplinarias en oportunidades muy severas, porque tiene todo el derecho de hacerlo en razón de ser el Hacedor Supremo!

          La idolatría, el sexo libre y bestial, la violencia y otras prácticas abominables, fueron las causas de mayor castigo; estas naciones se habían entregado por completo a estas degeneradas actividades y a otras prácticas detestables y horrorosas. Su idolatría era tan fuerte que ya no había solución para ellos. Sólo una mujer fue rescatada de ese mundo maligno: Rahab. (Ver la historia en el Libro de Josué).

          Tales versos nos enseñan que los hijos de Israel podían correr el riesgo de ser contaminados por la idolatría de esas siete naciones. La contaminación idolátrica no es solamente física y sicológica sino también espiritual. Es algo muy profundo. Tiene que ver con el dominio y la posesión de espíritus malignos e impuros que gobiernan sobre los idólatras de éste mundo. Los hijos de Israel corrían el riesgo de ser afectados por los principados y potestades de maldad que gobernaban, y aún gobiernan, en los aires y en las mentes de los rebeldes.

El Eterno, que es misericordioso, una de sus tantas cualidades, quiso ayudar a Sus hijos a no caer en la misma idolatría desastrosa de tales naciones, y es por ello que les ordenó  fuesen exterminados  por completo de Su tierra, de Canaán (No olvidemos que los límites de la tierra de Canaán van desde el lado del Rio Nilo hasta las orillas del Rio Éufrates). Además, envió un ángel poderosísimo delante de ellos con el fin de que limpiaran los aires de la contaminación de los ángeles rebeldes, espíritus malignos, que dominaban sobre la zona. El ángel hizo su trabajo en los aires, y los hijos de Israel, dirigidos por Josué, hicieron el trabajo en la tierra. Así lograron expulsar la mayoría de las naciones malignas y cambiar el espíritu sobre la tierra.

Así que, la razón para la expulsión de estas naciones no tuvo nada que ver con racismo alguno sino con las prácticas maligna de esos pueblos.

Nuestro Eterno Creador ama a todos los seres humanos y por eso los llama al arrepentimiento. Todo lo anterior vendrá a ser, en el futuro cercano, una realidad más de nuestra historia por las prácticas en las que se ha sumido éste mundo nuestro, donde los valores absolutos han sido reemplazados por los “valores relativos”.  El que no se arrepiente sufrirá las consecuencias de sus propios pecados y extravíos!

(Referencia bíblica: Éxodo 23:26 a Éxodo 24:18)